Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Information Collection - Assignment Example In addition, utilizing the poll strategy is the most widely recognized type of information assortment, wherein people are urged to pass on their place of perspectives dependent on an organized survey (Fowler, 2009; Polit and Beck, 2008). The best technique that would work for the current situation of nursing is the poll strategy. Likewise, the survey should be created with close-finished inquiries, where the appropriate response will be explicit instead of being ambiguous. Additionally, for the respondents too, it turns out to be truly agreeable to give inputs through the poll, further guaranteeing appropriate translation of the information accumulated (Fowler, 2009; Polit and Beck, 2008). The example size ought to be at least 50 so as to benefit a superior outcome from the overview. Notwithstanding, it is alluring to consider an example size of around 200 to increase an ideal and a firm result from the overview. It is likewise fitting that the example ought to be of an irregular blend. This ought to incorporate patients from an assortment of sorts, in light of ages, sexual orientations and sicknesses, so as to get an unprejudiced result from the overview. Expectedly, this will help the overview result to be exceptionally dependable and with substantial principles (Fowler, 2009; Polit and Beck,

Creationism in the Classroom

Derek Dougherty English 1302 Turman 11/1/2010 Creationism in the Classroom Many Christians accept that the earth and everything on it were made by God in six days. This is precluded by the hypothesis from securing advancement. Since the birthplaces and advancement of life are a significant piece of the school science educational program, the topic of what schools ought to and ought not be permitted to instruct is a significant one. There are numerous issues that current themselves when endeavoring to handle the issue of showing creationism in a government funded school setting.The first being, does creationism by any chance qualify as a science? On the off chance that it isn't deductively testable, at that point it ought not be educated close by advancement in a homeroom setting. Anyway some creationist supporters guarantee that it is experimentally testable and that its hypotheses are predictable with the logical technique. The following sensible inquiry to pose is should the debate be instructed in a science homeroom setting? Numerous individuals are against training two clashing thoughts in a similar homeroom setting in view of the suggestions it would have on the children.Others state if creationism is to be instructed, it shouldn’t be educated in a science study hall. In the event that you have two clashing thoughts that can't settle and be instructed in amicability then one must be chosen over the other. Creationism isn't science; it isn't logically testable, and doesn't have a place in the science homeroom. While both creationist and evolutionists have persuading contentions, the inquiry isn’t what is best ethically or morally for the children.The question is the thing that will best set them up for their proceeded with training, and perceiving how development is the reason for science and an abundance of different sciences, creationism holds no ground and was even seen illegal as educated. As per the Center for Science and Culture Intellig ent structure can best be depicted as â€Å"Certain highlights of the universe and of living things are best clarified by an astute reason, not an undirected procedure, for example, regular choice (CSC). † This thought is the premise of creationism, and stems from strict principle, for example, the holy book that express the world was made surprisingly fast as opposed to illions of years. Books of scriptures and other sacred conventions are not permitted to be utilized by an instructor for any reason, so paying little mind to whatever else, it is illegal for an educator to instruct out of these tenets. In the 1987 Supreme Court instance of Edwards v. Aguillard it was concluded that, â€Å"Educators may not educate, either as logical actuality or even as another option or contending hypothesis, the hypothesis that mankind was made by a heavenly being. In science classes, teachers must present just logical clarifications for life on earth and logical scrutinizes of evolution.T he U. S. Incomparable Court has held that it is illegal to require instructors who encourage advancement additionally to show creationism (Religion). † Justice William Brennan proceeded to write in the lion's share assessment that â€Å"†¦creationism couldn't be educated as an option in contrast to advancement as a result of its strictness, yet that showing an assortment of logical hypotheses the inceptions of mankind to schoolchildren may be legitimately finished with the away from goal of upgrading the viability of science guidance (Moore 303). Creationists utilized this as a greeting and lawful appropriate for making logical other options and showing them in state funded school. The most well known of these â€Å"alternatives† was Intelligent Design (Moore 303). Equity Brennan’s purpose in expressing that instructing elective hypotheses should be possible was not to welcome creationists to make up increasingly elective speculations. Brennan was essential ly expressing that encouraging a large number of hypotheses to youngsters could be helpful to them on the off chance that obviously they were all equivalent and that one was not better than the other.In reaction to the inquiry, Can creationism be logical? Theodore M. Drange had this to state, â€Å"Yes, creationism can be a logical hypothesis, on the grounds that naturalistic creationism (in sharp stand out from mystical creationism) would be logical on the off chance that it were ever to be sought after by exact technique. That is nothing that has ever been done, however it is at any rate conceivable (Drange). † Drange infers that naturalistic creationism, which is a type of creationism that makes no reference to God or any extraordinary creatures, is logical and therefore could be deductively testable.But given that no creationist wishes to show creationism in this structure, the reality remains that mystical creationism isn't logical. Drange clarifies that the explanation mystical creationism isn't logical is because of the way that it is mystical. It has nothing to do with the intrigue to creation just that belief in a higher power is included dishonors it as deductively provable hypothesis (Drange). In 2000 the Kansas Board of Education expelled â€Å"†¦all references to the starting point of people and the age of the earth at the asking of traditionalist Christians (Moore 339). In addition to the fact that this was a fringe illicit act, however it was flighty of the School locale to surrender to the open dream that creationism is alright to be instructed in schools. In April of 2001 an article was placed in the New York Times talking about the Board’s choice to upset their past decision, â€Å"When Kansas School authorities reestablished the hypothesis of advancement to statewide training gauges half a month prior, scholars may have been slanted to announce triumph over creationism.Instead, a few evolutionists state, the last phases of the fight in Kansas, alongside new endeavors in Michigan and Pennsylvania just as in various colleges and even in Washington, propose that the issue is a long way from settled (Glanz). † We are not here to contend the strict ramifications of ruining creationism as a practical option in contrast to development. It has been demonstrated and strengthened by the Supreme Court that creationism has no spot close by development in Science. Showing a hypothesis that ruins the remainder of the instructing in that science class is preposterous.The just piece of advancement that is a hypothesis is the reason it happens, not how it happens, though creationism in itself is a hypothesis that has almost no watertight proof to help its cases. Basically creationism has a spot in the lives of our kids, yet that spot isn't in the science homeroom or any study hall in a state financed school. We chance subverting our protected right to division of chapel and state if we somehow managed to show creationism as another option or even nearby evolution.The fight to keep creationism out of the homeroom has just been won, yet the war between the different sides despite everything seethes on. Indeed, even today there are laws attempting to be authorized to drive Creationism into schools. We should stay watchful and careful about these laws that are intended to subvert our privileges, and advise ourselves that this issue isn’t about what you ought to accept; it’s about what we ought to teach.Works Cited â€Å"CSC †Top Questions. † Discovery Institute. Web. 03 Nov. 2010.

Comparison between the classic lectures and the small group discussion Essay

Examination between the exemplary talks and the little gathering conversation for fifth - six th year understudies - school of medicine,Taif - Essay Example One of the ongoing improvements found in the distinguishing proof of various methods of educating is the little gathering conversation procedure. It has been put to viable use and has been giving some extreme changes about the viewpoint that understudies had about educating. In any case, there are sure dim regions about this strategy for instructing that are as yet should have been put as inquiries to remove quantifiable answers. So as to distinguish whether this new methodology will give brings about the since quite a while ago run, an examination overview among the understudies is wanted to happen. In view of the overview results, a choice could be brought out on whether this new technique could in the long run and totally supplant the great methodology. This paper targets deciding those review addresses that are to be solicited to the understudies from the Taif University. A general review technique which includes an examination of two strategies needs to distinguish advantages an d disadvantages of every strategy and give an aggregate outcome to the assessor. Afterward, the assessor could gauge the amassed consequences of both the techniques and can give the outcomes that either state which strategy is better or propose changes that could improve the parts of the second coming technique. Subsequently, it is fundamentally critical to decide the inquiries to be posed in the overview. The idea of the inquiries ought to be viable, pugnacious and direct to the point. (Fowler 1995) Questions related with Classical Lecture technique Classical Lecture Method has its favorable circumstances and burdens. Preferences Lecture strategy takes into consideration an immediate and sensible translation of the realities and methods. They give a chance to the understudies to legitimately comprehend the ideas and methods that are demonstrated throughout the years. (Monroe 1915) Lecture technique permits understudies to encounter the ideas as and when they catch wind of it, throu gh the discourse of the teacher. It permits them to effortlessly get a handle on the ideas which they would experience serious difficulties to comprehend. Talk technique gives an equivalent open door for the entirety of the understudies to become more acquainted with about the data that is clarified. To the extent this technique goes, all understudies get equivalent data, gave in the event that they all are attentive.(Hghert 1981) The capacity of the instructor has a greater impact. Investigation, correlation and models identified with the talk point consistently improve the contemplating enthusiasm of the audience. Furthermore, with the nearness of a speaker, there is constantly a directing power for the understudies to look forward.(Lieberman 2004) Disadvantages The capacity of the teacher could go about as a weakness as well. In the event that the speaker doesn't have great oral relational abilities, at that point the individual may waver in sending the correct message to the aud ience members. Frequently, there is no immediate association of the audience members in any talk, except if mentioned. This frequently makes a uninvolved domain and numerous multiple times the lecturers’ neglect to perceive whether the audience members are intellectually associated with the meeting or not. (Donald 2000) Because correspondence in these talks is frequently in one path mode, there is high level of trouble that could emerge in understanding repetitive subjects, independent of the quantity of virtual introductions that the speakers could give. (Bassey 1968) Another difficult that could emerge is that all audience members can't adapt up to the pace of the teacher and comprehend at a similar speed. Some might be delayed in understanding the ideas though

Aspects of Productivity and Costs within Different Size Organisations - Free Essay Example

Economics of the Real World Aspects of the Productivity and Costs within Different Size Organisations both in the Shortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Run, and Long à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Run Executive Summary There are several ways to an organisation to become more efficient, such as decreasing the costs and trying as much is possible to increase the profitability. Also, a very important factor is to find the supply demand balance within short run and long term. Costs can be identified as fixed costs, which are not changeable of the given organisation, and variable costs, which are effecting to the productivity. Variable costs are the packaging expenses, distribution of the product or service, and salary of the workforces. The differences between the short run and long run are the following: The short run is a time period where one factor is fixed, for example the company has two vans and in order to make more profit they can employ more staff. The long run is a time period, where every aspect of the production is changeable, it means the 3M: so Money, Machinery and Man. In other words if the organisation wants to achieve their goals, and to get more profit; the firm can put more capital, is able to employ more labours, and buy or invest into more machines, such as vans, cars, computers, tools. Table of Contents Introduction4 Main Body5 I.The business issues: managing the fix and changeable costs5 1.Fixed Costs5 2.Variable Costs6 II.How ASDA, as a Large Organisation can Control the Firm`s Costs6 1.Case 1. for costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"cut within ASDA6 2.Case 2 . for costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"cut within ASDA7 III.How can a Small Company Control their Costs7 IV.Difference between the Short Run and Long Run8 1.Short Run8 2.Long Run8 V.Compare the Productivity Different Size of Organisation9 Conclusion10 Bibliography11 Introduction For the long run success organisation it does not matter what the firm does, or what its size is, but innovation and growth are what matter. Furthermore, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s essential to continuously find the ways for improving the organisation`s productivity, because every firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main goal is to make as much profit as possible. This report will compare the differences between the small and larger organisation potential costs, such as fixed and variable costs. Moreover, this report shows the ways how to cut costs, both in the short-run and long-run. Main Body The business issues: managing the fixed and changeable costs The entrepreneur`s employed by two main issues, namely how to get more profit and the most important question is how to manage / reduce their costs. The companies have two different costs, what is to say fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed Costs They are permanent, therefore continue to be the same and not related to the fact, how profitable the organisation is. The best example for fixed costs is when an organisation rents a property to use as an office or storage, so if they have to spend the same amount of expenses every month on rent, this expenditure is not connected to how productive the firm is, but has an effect on the productivity on the different sizes. If a small bakery makes 1000 breads / day and the rental fee is  £600 / month, then the cost of bread is 20 pence. However, any large organisation who makes bakery, such as Asda`s fixed costs per bread is definitely lower than the rent expense.(Investopedia, 2003) Variable Costs In comparison with the fixed costs, variable costs are changing and are strongly connected with the productivity of the organisation. Examples for the variable costs are expenses paid to purchase material, or the costs of paying their employees, but distribution costs and packaging costs can be variable too. Therefore, if the company is more profitable then packaging costs will rise (Investopedia, 2003). Consequently, the smallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"size firms have less variable costs then larger size companies. How ASDA, as a Large Organisation can Control the Firm`s Costs Case 1. According to the research a business can cut costs on multiple fields. When the price of the fuel reached skyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"high in 2011, ASDA announced their plan how to cut costs and even gave advise to its shoppers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"showing a good understanding of Marketing, with that action they did not create sales, but created a good relationship with its consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å", their plan consisted of: Investment in more fuel-efficient cars, Advising their drivers to drive more scrupulously, Closely monitoring their fleet-maintenance.(ASDA money, 2011) Case 2. One of the biggest costs of every organisation is the wages paid to their employees; therefore if the company employs fewer workers, they can reduce costs massively. Mark Ibbotson, the ASDA`s retail director said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We have had a look at the balance between middle managers and junior managers and shifted towards junior managers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Lawson, 2013) ASDA has found the solution for that: they cannot let he operation (floor) staff-members go, because they were creating the actual sales, therefore the store decided to restructure its hierarchy and not to use many of its middle managers, junior managers will fill the gap instead with lower paid rates. (Butler and Wood, 2014) How can a Small Company Control their Costs Big grocery stores, such as Asda, offer a wider range of goods on lower prices than any other corner store. However, the size allows specialisation, which fosters innovation. (The Economist, 2012) Options for smaller entrepreneurs: Cut down the travel and transfer expenditures Use the technology, such as Skype, The Cloud, Microsoft Office 365 ( £4 /person /month) Use the optional opportunities, such SME Discount, Vibrant People, The Consortium, PeopleperHour (Andrew, 2013) Use energyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"efficient appliances, such reduce utility bills, green energy tax credit, free energy audit (Kearns, 2011) Differences between the Short Run and Long Run Short Run à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Short run is a period of time, where one factor of production is fixed, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ capital is fixed and labour is variable.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Begg and Ward, 2007, P. 50- 52) The short run marginal cost defines how much production is the optimal. Important issue: produce more units of a good or service in order to cover the cost of production. (Hamel, 2014) Long Run Long run means duration, when every determinant of the manufacturing process is variable is volatile. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Other payments that cannot be changed but, in the long run, such costs can be altered.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hamel, 2014) The key elements of the manufacturing process: Capitals: The organisations use these funds to pay every liability and purchase new assets to make the manufacturing more profitable. Machinery: The tools which help to reach the manufacturing targets and this include vehicles as well. Labours: The workforce, even at the fully automated production line the organisation relies on an expert, whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s maintaining and programming those lines. Comparison of the Productivity of Different Size Organisations No matter what a business does, the productivity depends on various factors. These technics strongly suggested specially for small companies: Interactivity with clients; Frequently process analysing and change, if ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s necessary; Notice the unproductive strategies and issues, need to replace them; Systematic approach, such as proper communication channel; Trainings and rewards for the employees because its effecting the members, consequently the firm`s performances. (Steve, Adelaide and Sharmin_7, 2014) On top of those, ASDA is planning to make a new automated process, a distribution centre in Warrington, UK, which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“expects the facility to increase productivity by 70 per cent and space efficiency by 79 per cent once it is up and running in 2016.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Supplychainanalysis.igd.com, 2014) Moreover, they intend to build a pallet delayering station to store delivery. Conclusion A continuously thriving entrepreneur needs to keep in the mind lot of aspects. In order to do this, both smaller and larger organisations need to determinedly monitor their costs and increase their profitability. To achieve their goals the SMEs have different options, such as be closer their customers or improve the communication tools within the firm, or encourage the employees with competitions and rewards. Asda was continuously monitoring the store management structure and the Asda leaders updated store member structure, therefore interspaced the middle manager line and in fa ct cut down the variable costs. These marketing tactics can be used to achieve the shortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å", and long term aims. Bibliography Andrew, A. (2013). From sharing cards to prepaid expenses: How to cut your business costs and boost your profits. [online] This is Money. Available at: https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/smallbusiness/article-2391148/How-small-businesses-cut-costs-boost-profits.html [Accessed 18 Dec. 2014]. ASDA Money, (2011). Rising Cost of Fuel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" How To Cut Costs. [online] Available at: https://money.asda.com/news/motoring/rising-cost-of-fuel-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"-how-to-cut-costs/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014]. Begg, D. and Ward, D. (2007).Economics for business. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. P. 50-52. Butler, S. and Wood, Z. (2014).Asda to cut 1,360 jobs. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jul/03/asda-to-cut-jobs-stores-restructure [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014]. The Economist, (2012). Small is not beautiful. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/node/21548945 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014]. Hamel, G. (2014). How to Calculate Short-Run Marginal Cost | The Classroom | Synonym. [online] The Classroom | Synonym. Available at: https://classroom.synonym.com/calculate-shortrun-marginal-cost-2739.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014]. Investopedia, (2003). Fixed Cost Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fixedcost.asp [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014]. Investopedia, (2003).Variable Cost Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/variablecost.asp [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014]. Kearns, S. (2011).12 Cost Cutting Ideas for Your Small Business to Save Money Reduce Expenses. [online] Money Crashers. Available at: https://www.moneycrashers.com/cost-cutting-ideas-small-business-expenses/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2014]. Lawson, A. (2013). Asda pilots streamlined store staff structure to cut costs. [o nline] Racplus.com. Available at: https://www.racplus.com/news/asda-pilots-streamlined-store-staff-structure-to-cut-costs/8655683.article [Accessed 16 Dec. 2014]. Steve, Adelaide, and Sharmin_7, (2014).How to Improve Your Business Productivity. [online] wikiHow. Available at: https://www.wikihow.com/Improve-Your-Business-Productivity [Accessed 16 Dec. 2014]. Supplychainanalysis.igd.com, (2014). Asda Supply Chain-How Asda plans to boost productivity by 70% IGD Supply Chain Analysis. [online] Available at: https://supplychainanalysis.igd.com/Hub.aspx?id=13tid=1rid=1nid=2965 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2014].

Melodrama as a Genre - 1018 Words

In his essay ‘Melodrama and Tears’, Steve Neale proposes the melodrama as a genre emerged to occupy the space between tragedy and comedy. Neale quotes Denis Diderot and identifies melodrama as a primarily ‘touching’ art form, which has the ability to move audiences and induce physical reactions like crying. Neale discusses Diderot’s quote ‘the pleasure of being touched and giving way to tears’ as an important part of the melodramatic mode. Neale continues to illustrate in his essay how the tricks used in showing point of view and timing perform an essential role in achieving maximum pathos in melodrama. Neale argues that the melodramas rely on the discrepancies between the knowledge that the spectator has and knowledge that the character†¦show more content†¦The horror genre uses terror, pornography uses orgasm, and melodrama uses crying to portray an excess of emotion. She theorizes that our tendency to imitate the emotion on s creen lends the element of pathos to melodrama. The act of a body, not in control, convulsing with tears lends itself to heightened identification by the audience. Both Neale and Williams demonstrate the concept of timing as an effective method to control pathos in melodrama. Neale attributes timing and articulation of point of view to contribute equally to the effect of poignancy and pathos. Neale presents Moretti’s thesis that the concluding act in the cinema is always too late to affect the protagonist. An example for this point maybe a story where the object of affection might only verbally reciprocate the feeling after the character is dead; while we, as the audience know it beforehand. Moretti also presents the theory that our tears are a result of the reality that our fantasy has been fulfilled and now will not continue. Neale counters this argument by suggesting that delayed timing is equally poignant in some cases. The pathos arises from the fact that we are dependent on the time of the narration and its narrative, rather than just the fact that it is always ‘too late’. Here, Williams is almost identical in her theory and uses the phrase ‘too late’ to define the temporality of fantasy. Williams also speaks about Moretti’s theory and arguesShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Melodrama1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of the Melodrama in the 19th Century In the nineteenth century, many movements arose in the field of theatre both in the United States and in Europe. Some of the movements that took place in the west together with the melodrama includes the plays o naturalism, Romanticism, well-made plays of scribes and Sardou, Wilde’s drawing-room comedies, symbolism and the farces of Feydeau as depicted in the late works of Henrik Ibsen. 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Doing Business in Korea Essay - 1610 Words

Korea is a homogenous country, speaking one language, with a large sense of pride in their nation and ancestors. The Korean culture is very foreign from that of Western society. Korea’s business culture is difficult for Americans to decipher. There are websites such as Korea4expats, koreanzbc, and even studies at universities such as Miami have done studies on these significant differences in business culture. American businesses biggest opportunity with Korea businesses is shifting away from their direct approach and understanding Korea’s underlying tones and nonverbal behaviors (Korea4expats, 2012). International businesses interacting with Korea need to understand the difference in Korea’s culturally defined communication practices.†¦show more content†¦In order to overcome the cross-cultural differences one needs to understand what the challenges are. According to the textbook, Hoefstede’s research on national culture gives businesses an outli ne of generalized differences to look for between cultures. First, compare and see if the two countries are individualist or collectivist. The United States has an individualist culture while Korea is a collectivist culture. This could possibly be interpreted that while American businessmen are seeking out new ventures through international trade for self-interest, Korean businesses are seeking out new ventures to bring overall growth to their company and even their nation. Different reasons to begin international trade can cause the two businesses to want different outcomes later in the relationship. Another aspect of cross-cultural risk is uncertainty avoidance. Americans have a culture of feeling comfortable with uncertainty, thus they have low uncertainty avoidance. Koreans have high uncertainty avoidance and like to know expectations upfront. 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Principle Trends

Question: Identify and describe the principal trends driving corporate ethics and sustainability. Answer: Sausan McPherson who is the CEO of McPherson and is a serial connector along with marketer and corporate social responsibility expert wrote the article. She focuses to give strength in the five corporate ethics and sustainability in the year of 2016. The first point focus on the success in the climate conference would be the greatest concern for the private sector. Organizations have taken steps to curb the actions against the climate change. Secondly she focus is on social justice as it no longer considered as the limit for the business. The changes will focus on brands to take leadership role in transgender conversation. The company like HM and Clean Clear would include the transgender models. She further, focuses to continue the leadership role for the growing inequality in countries. The companies in the current trend would follow the commitments of the organization. She further explained the trends in terms of ethics and sustainability focusing on transparency of the brands. Lu xury brands are also becoming transparent. She further gives emphasis on the brand of Diana Verde Nieto as they included the passing of Modern Slavery Act. They UNs Sustainable Development Goals and COP 21 are moving the business models to more of legal obligations, which would increase the demand from stakeholders for more transparency actions (Forbes.com 2016). Fourth point she give emphasis on collaboration as key to success. The further added that expectation of the brands to operate through sustainable and ethical ways. Major brands planned to collaborate to address inequality through hiring employees who are out of school and currently working. The fifth point where the writer gave focus is on the importance of the storytelling as a requirement. She explained as it would make an addition of creativity for the company. The article focus that the trends expect to produce creativity, collaborative and inclusive in terms of maintains the ethics and sustainability of the organizati on (Forbes.com 2016). The topic for Assessment 2 is about Ernest Young. Both the topic assesses the importance of corporate and ethical responsibility of the organization. However, the topic chosen in assessment 2 is much more detail. Both the assessment focus to provide commitment it builds of the better environment of the world. The assessment gives the view about the importance and the need of sustainability in organization. It establishes a connection of sustainability and ethical approach. The importance of the organization to adopt policy regarding the same is main focus for both the assessment (Kulkarni 2013).3. Recommendations to the author regarding the article or the way it has been written. What are the thoughts and comments about the contents objectivity or the material findings were researched and published. The article of part one has been presented with clear and informative content. However the article focused only on a single year diminishing the future trends. Further, the five points a dded are presented with set of examples that makes a clear understanding for the reader but it missed some vital points (Kulkarni 2013). Points like SME s are setting larger role in the international market. Besides that it needs to give more focus on the stakeholders engagement to achieve the change. The company could have given a view about the trends of past years comparing it with present. It would have enabled the reader to understand the trends and shifts of ethics and sustainability in current scenario. The objectivity of the article need to be more focused on the topic (Sen, G.B., 2014). Part two: Appraising CRS from the perspective of Range of stakeholder interests at a national and international level Summaries the article briefly Ezekiel S. Asemah, Ruth A. Okpanachi and LEO O.N Edegoh wrote the article on business advantage of corporate social practice. It focuses to give the benefits that stakeholders enjoy because of CSR. The paper concentrates on two theories stakeholders theory which gives details on the responsibility of the CRS to take effective care for the stakeholders. Another point where they give emphasis is the social responsibility theory. On the other hand the benefits of the stakeholders would provide brand reputation and reduction of the operation cost and attract its new customers. It will get possible as stakeholders would receive the interest from Csr and would provide appraising for the same (Iiste.org 2016). How the article appraises the CSR from the perspective of stakeholders at national and international level CSR engages the shareholders and the stakeholders in collaboration to engage in the positional risk, build credibility, and trust in the society. The corporate social responsibility is to preach where the interest of the stakeholders in the organizations and in the societies to apply the strategy during the time of execution. Further the article gives focus on goodwill of the stakeholders which in return enhance the performance of the organization in financial and in other areas. Sustainability in the organizations activities includes the social and the environmental concern in the operations and the stakeholders. The article further shows several types of programs in the activities of CSR. The first among it is the concern about the health and wellness of the employee. The article further gives emphasis on the benefits of the stakeholders through its ethical responsibilities and the legal responsibilities. Further they give emphasis on the economic responsibility for its stakeholder s (Iiste.org 2016). Evaluate the relevance of the article with the topic chosen in assessment 2 Assessment 2 in the topic focuses on the company of Ernest and Yong India. Both the Assessments focus to benefits of the stakeholders that they can achieve from the sustainability. Corporate Social Responsibility is important in both the assessment. It makes an impact about the benefits that the organization needs to focus for developing the importance of stakeholders in the organization. Both the topic gives importance on stakeholders and gives them priorities. They focus on the CSR and the establishment for the benefits of the organization (Iiste.org 2016).4. Recommendations to the author regarding the article or the way it has been written. What are the thoughts and comments about the contents objectivity or the material findings were researched and published. The article gives a detailed analysis. However, it has taken many concepts all together to make the reader understand about the topic. It enables the reader to get confused about the main object of the article. The object ne eds to be more focused and clear. It should give it more concentration on stakeholders (Dashnow et al. 2014). The concept of stakeholders and the corporate social responsibility need to interconnect with each other. The article needs to include more detailed information about the process of stakeholders appraising on CSR. Besides that, they need to create a relation about stakeholders and the CSR as they only focus on benefits of CSR. Moreover, it should consist of some examples of the organizations. The article focuses on the organizations as a whole, which makes tough for the reader to understand it (Jalalian and Danial 2012). Compare and contrast both the articles that you have chosen to focus upon in order to highlight the different aspect of the organization. The articles focus on the contribution of CSR in the organizations. The articles has the same concept which initiates the sustainability and ethical improvement for the organization. However both the approach is different. The article of part one gives focus on the sustainability and the ethical terns of the different organization (Forbes.com 2016). While, in the second phase it concentrates on the corporate Social Responsibilitys role and benefits for its stakeholders. Besides, the stakeholders interests from the organization. The article of part two gives more details on the understanding but it does not consist of some particular organizations. It gives focus on all the organizations in the national and international level as a whole. However the part one article segmented the organization with examples has clear understandings about its approach but lacks detail information about the same (Iiste.org 2016). Reference list: Dashnow, H., Lonsdale, A. and Bourne, P.E., 2014. Ten simple rules for writing a PLOS ten simple rules article. PLoS Comput Biol, 10(10), p.e1003858.Forbes.com. (2016). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanmcpherson/2016/01/08/5-csr-trends-that-will-blossom-in-2016/2/#7c232fbb5bd8 [Accessed 26 Jun. 2016].Iiste.org. (2016). Business Advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility Practice: A Critical Review. [online] Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/NMMC/article/viewFile/8414/8513 [Accessed 26 Jun. 2016].Jalalian, M. and Danial, A.H., 2012. Writing for academic journals: A general approach. Electronic physician, 4(2), pp.474-476.Kulkarni, S., 2013. 3 Basic tips on writing a good research paper title.Editage Insights (17-10-2013).Sen, G.B., 2014. Clues for writing a good research paper. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, 2(2), p.39.

The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love Essay Example

The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love Essay Throughout the literary ages, the perception of morality and life are constantly evolving to change people’s views on morality. Moral and ethical ideas were once chivalric traditions of honour, but have been changed from humanity’s freedom as individual beings to reject social principles and customs. Oscar Wilde once said ‘I am quite incapable of understanding how any work of art can be criticised from a moral standpoint’1, yet staged as the Machiavellian antagonist within Shakespeare’s masterpiece ‘Othello’, Iago acts on his emotions and feelings of jealously and personal competition, which leads Iago to corrupt Othello because of his evil nature – leading an issue to a moral standpoint. When Othello had the occasion to appoint a lieutenant with â€Å"Three great ones of the city in personal suit, it appealed to Iago but only to find that Othello had already chosen Cassio. It appeared to be a matter of personal preference only, for he could give no reason for the choice of choosing Cassio. This capricious choice lago at once took as a very great slight upon him, A. C Bradley commented on the â€Å"the usual lunacies† in Shakespeare’s tragedy plays that It has been held, for example, that Othello treated lago abominably in preferring Cassio to him. 2 Once this is done, Iago reveals to the audience that â€Å"In following him, I follow but myself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer † This is a paradox as Iago follows Othello not out of â€Å"love† or â€Å"duty,† but because he feels he can exploit and dupe his master, thereby revenging himself upon the man he suspects of having slept with his wife. Furthermore, Iago expresses his deception to Roderigo to â€Å"wear my heart upon thy sleeve† to demonstrate to the audience that people who reveal their true motives makes themselves a victim. This therefore concludes that the day he decides to establish outwardly what he feels; inwardly, Iago explains, it will be the day he makes himself most vulnerable. In comparison to this, in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ Basil reveals to the reader that Henry â€Å"has a very bad influence over all his friends†. This depicts Henry as being something of a powerful entity who no-one cannot say â€Å"no† to as a result of his philosophical ideology. This is quite similar to Iago as he purposely influences those who are around him just for his own gain and satisfaction as his â€Å"outward action doth demonstrate\The native act and figure of my heart†. Upon telling Dorian his ideology, Henry ‘was amazed at the sudden impression that his words produced’. From this, Wilde’s use of trajectory, readers can infer that Henry’s ‘amazed’ feeling of seeing what his philosophy has done to Dorian, seems to be his motive for the continuous corruption he places on Dorian further in novel. Iago reveals his deception to Roderigo and the audience that he is â€Å"not what I am† because Iago is consciously aware he is going to corrupt Othello. The parallel used to show Iago’s alter ego can be linked with Henry since he believes â€Å"there is no such thing as a good influence. All influence are immoral. † It could be suggested that Henry’s character is used as a parallel structure in the novel to show no remorse for his influences he has over Dorian and the latter for Iago over Othello. Iago believes that people who serve a cause or a person are acting sincerely, but they are indeed acting on their own behalf as they â€Å"trimmed in forms and visages of duty\Keep yet their hearts attending on themselves†. This shows Iago believes people look loyal by their appearances but, on the inside, they are thinking about themselves rather than the person they serve. In comparison, Henry seems to have the power to corrupt as his ideological viewpoint is that â€Å"to influence a person is to give him one’s own soul†. Here, this suggests that Henry is giving Dorian a new soul – to corrupt him to make him whole again. In contrast to this, In ‘Enduring Love’, Jed has an infatuated belief that Joe loves him and that â€Å"there’s nothing I can do but return your love. † Jed he believes that through a higher powerful entity â€Å"To bring you to God, through love† Joe will eventually love him. Through religion, Jed considers that he could manipulate Joe’s feelings through the â€Å"the purpose†¦ [of] Christ that is in you and that is you. † However, in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, it could be argued that Henry seems to purposely challenge Victorian values. During the Victorian era people took literal truth and moral ethics from the bible and because of this, it was thought that if religion were accepted by all, ‘evil’ forces would not be able to corrupt humankind. But Wilde challenges this through a provocative statement that â€Å"great sins of the world take place† â€Å"in the brain, and the brain only†. With the use of repetition, this point emphasises that corruption of the soul or the mind is purely based on biology and not relied on an unknown source known to human kind. Similarly, with reference to ‘Enduring Love’, it could be considered that because Jed’s fixation on â€Å"without an awareness of God’s love you’re living in a desert† Jed believes that God’s love should be the reason to corrupt Joe’s mind, a mind of science. A further reason why Henry might want to poison Dorian’s mind is because Henry is jealous of Dorian’s â€Å"most marvellous youth† as Henry believes it is â€Å"one thing worth having† above all else in the world. To support the claim that aesthetic beauty and age seems to contribute for the corruption of one’s one psyche, Othello descends into questioning one of the reasons to why his wife might be unfaithful to him has he has â€Å"declined\Into the vale of years†. This metaphor taken from the phrase â€Å"vale of tears† seems intended in a more neutral sense; the vale of years is the broad, flat stretch of middle age beyond the slope of youth. Before murdering Desdemona, Othello admires her beauty like â€Å"thy rose† that has â€Å"vital growth†. He seems to be infatuated by her beauty that the only way he could possibly get rid of his jealousy of her, is to get rid of her beauty by killing her. According to Henry, when you grow old, â€Å"you will feel it, you will feel it terribly. † The adverb of manner â€Å"terribly† supports the claim that men in particular, seem to be almost afraid of aging and would do anything to take away these feelings of inadequacy caused by growing older, as shown by Othello and Dorian. Nevertheless, through the use of third-person objective narrator in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, the readers start to see how far Henry’s ‘mere words’ of corruption is going and because of how ‘terrible they are’, we get to see Henry gain a powerful control over Dorian as he was ‘dimly conscious that entirely fresh influences were at work within him’. However, it is debatable whether Dorian would have wanted to change this as he â€Å"would give everything! † to be young and to stay young. In contrast to this, unlike Dorian, Othello was oblivious to any external forces at work for corrupting his perception of reality. The only person to see the change was Emilia who believed that a â€Å"wretch have put this in your head\Let heaven requite it with the serpents curse! The metaphoric allusive allegory to the serpents curse refers to the curse that God laid upon the serpent for deceiving the innocent Eve. By this, Emelia means that whoever has put these ideas into Othellos head deserves the same fate. According to Genesis 3:15 the snake was cursed to crawl on the ground and therefore be susceptible to man’s heel crushing its head (this vulnerability is a direct result of Satan’s sin). This foreshadowing of what will really happen to Satan someday – thus the religious allegory could be suggested that Emilia believes the man who corrupted Othello, should be crushed. Here, the audience notices Shakespeare’s deliberate use of dramatic irony that as far as Emelia is concerned the â€Å"serpent† is her very own husband Iago. In addition, Shakespeare illustrates the power and the extreme manipulation he can create with his protagonists, once again reinforcing that portrayal of the Machiavellian character. In all three texts, delusion seems to be one of the prevalent effects on the individuals because of the corruption they have been exposed to. In ‘Othello’, the audiences capture Othello’s obsessive impulse of his undying love for Desdemona as â€Å"Perdition catch my soul\But I do love thee, and when I love thee not, \Chaos is come again†. This indicates that Desdemona’s image means the world to Othello and therefore; if he stops loving her, the entire universe stops making sense for him and the world is reduced to â€Å"Chaos. † The effect of the corruption Iago has put on Othello is starting to progressively show and if he found out Desdemona’s ‘hidden agenda’, he would be devastated and the love wouldn’t be there, therefore his world would be in ruins. Shakespeare personifies chaos to highlight the feeling of not having Desdemona anymore, which would be a cruel phenomenon that Othello could not merely tolerate. This reinforces the idea that Othello would rather be dead than alive if he did not have Desdemona, which for some could be seen as foreshadowing Othello’s decline from grace. In contrast, Wilde portrays the element of losing oneself â€Å"when one is in love, one always begins by deceiving one’s self†. It could be argued that Othello is deceiving himself and not thinking rationally as he is overreacting. However, one could argue that this is almost an instinctual impulse he has and quite a literal one – without Desdemona in his life, he would fall apart and throughout the play when Othello seems to trust her less and less, it is quite visible to the audience that his mind seems to implode and fly into disparity. Equally in Enduring Love, McEwan puts Jed in a similar situation and claims to â€Å"understand† what Joe is â€Å"feeling† and believe he â€Å"feels it too. I love you. † Pathos is created and we can only sympathise with Jed because of his mental illness. But, as the story progresses we see that he is deceiving himself once Joe consistently tells him he is â€Å"not interested† in pursuing any form of relationship with Jed. At this time, we see that Jed still does not listen, and further deceiving himself into believing it was God’s wish that they should be together. For Dorian, however it is explained that his ‘sudden mad love for Sibyl Vane was a psychological phenomenon’. The ambiguity behind the attributive adjective ‘mad’ suggests to readers that Dorian’s mind has emphatically changed over the course of seventy-two hours of meeting Sybil. The obsession with aestheticism and beauty is driven further since the text was written in the Victorian period when ‘mad’ could have been taken for someone who is literally insane, thus leaving a connotation of Dorian’s poisoned mind and his descent into madness and obsession for perfection. Alternatively it could mean that because he is young himself, he is first feeling what it feels to be in love with someone. It could be said since Sibyl was considerably younger than Dorian, he wants to fall in love with her to retain the youth that he so desperately wants to cling onto. Corruption of morality does not happen solely to the protagonists, but also to the supporting characters, such as the strong-willed, pragmatic character Emilia. When Emilia reveals to the audience in her monologue that her â€Å"husband hath a hundred times\Woo’d me to steal it† we see; even though Iago has not directly poisoned her mind, she has now done something immoral that she had not done before. Since the Elizabethans took the Seven Deadly Sins literally, it could be argued that Emilia stole the handkerchief because she wanted to do â€Å"nothing but please his fantasy†. She has gone against her own moral and social standing and the Elizabethan’s values to be a good wife and to save the embarrassment of not being able to satisfy her husband, thus resulting in her pride being saved. In comparison, Dorian consciously corrupted the mind of Sybil Vane by having no sympathy and crushed her by saying she is â€Å"nothing to me now†¦ I will never think of you. I will never mention your name. † Dorian’s changed course of judgement has made him conform to the lowest of the low to insult Sibyl, the girl he thought he loved. The repetition of the adverb â€Å"never† left a mark on Sybil and since at no time in the future, Dorian will ever think of her or mention her, it leads no hope for her and believing that she is worthless, she decided to commit suicide by drinking poison. Likewise, in ‘Othello’ we see a change of his character dramatically when he reveals to the audience his â€Å"bloody thought with violent pace†. Evermore, Desdemona falls dangerously in love with Othello and because of this Desdemona gets called a â€Å"Devil! † by Othello and he ‘[Strikes her]’. Thus seems like both Desdemona and Sybil Vane are punished for unintentionally falling in love with ‘the wrong person’ which results in both of them losing their lives. Furthermore, the corrupted mind of Othello has affected the perception of how Lodovico sees the new, ‘darker’, changed Othello as he cannot believe that this is â€Å"the nature\Whom passion could not shake?. † In comparison to this, it is also seen when Basil seems horrified by the sudden change of Dorian’s behaviour when Dorian exclaims about Sybil Vane’s death as â€Å"What is done is done. † Both Basil and Lodovico cannot believe what they have witnessed and thus could be said that because of the corruption of Othello and Dorian’s mind, Lodovico and Basil’s perception about morality have also been changed, resulting in corruption having affected them inadvertently. Murder is a contributing factor to the consequences of corruption to the mind and soul. Iago’s aside to the audience clearly shows us that he does not care â€Å"whether he kill Cassio,\Or Cassio him, or each do kill the other† because â€Å"Every way makes my gain. † Iago does not care who is involved and who get killed as long as his overall outcome is achieved. When Iago ‘[Stabs RODERIGO’ Roderigo calls out â€Å"O damned Iago! O inhuman dog! † The pre-modifying adjectives in Roderigo’s blasphemous call, tells the audience that Iago is so embroiled in immorality and corruption that he is like the devil’s spawn. He is the reincarnation of the devil as it could be seen that Roderigo has damned Iago to hell. In addition to this, when admiring Desdemona in her sleep, Othello decides to â€Å"put out the light, and then put out the light. † The meiosis Shakespeare uses here means Othello is resigned to an immoral and corrupt act. Also the metaphoric irony emphasises Desdemona’s innocence. He describes her with words that suggest her brightness and innocence alongside the fact that he is determined to condemn and kill her. Furthermore in ‘Enduring Love’ the realism portrayed through the first person narration, shows how Joe succumbs to the realisation that he ‘was the man who was selling me a gun. ’ Here, it appears to the readers that he is now prepared to do anything and has become so obsessed with getting Jed out of his life, he is prepared to go against his previous moral code. In the same way, Dorian Gray’s morality fails him miserably as his mind has totally descended into madness as he ‘dug the knife into the great vein†¦ crushing the man’s head on the table, and stabbing again and again. ’ The structural repetition of â€Å"again and again† graphically highlights the immoral behaviour Dorian has because of the influence Henry had over him about morality. This supports Wilde’s view that ‘The promising youth [Dorian] plunges into ever kind of mean depravity’. As well as murder, suicide is an essential part of how the characters seem to escape from their madness. For instance in ‘Othello’, Othello pictures himself as â€Å"a turbaned Turk who â€Å"Beat a Venetian and traduced the state†. Here is one of his own enemies, which he most certainly became in the end. According to Isaac Asimov â€Å"Othellos use of the reverse phrase in his last agony is like a return to his origins. 4 However, Othello dies speaking of himself in the third person, perhaps signifying his lost identity. Along with Iago, we Look on the tragic loading of this bed. Equally important is in ‘Enduring Love’ when Jed ‘slit his throat in front of us’ which could suggest his suicide was influenced by his own delusions about religion whenever he blurted out his tainted perception of it to Joe, making Joe reject Jed’s words and Jed himself. Likewise in ‘Dorian Gray’ the definitive catastrophic moment is when ‘a dead man’ was ‘lying on the floor’ ‘with a knife in his heart’ the readers simultaneously ‘recognized who it was’. According Wilde5 ‘Dorian kills conscience, and at that moment kills himself. ’ It is seen here that for Dorian to be completely free of being ‘withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage’ he had to kill himself to save himself from more immoral acts. Bibliography 1 Taken from the selection of The Letters of Oscar Wilde [noted in The Picture of Dorian Gray: A Norton Critical Edition]. 2 From the essay, Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. (page 208) 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1905. 3 Extracted from the ST. JAMES’S GAZETTE, article ‘A Study in Puppydom’ (June 24, 1890). 4 Online source: Part II. Roman 23. The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice

Cundo es posible trabajar con visa F-1 de estudiante

Cundo es posible trabajar con visa F-1 de estudiante Estudiar en los Estados Unidos es caro, por eso para los estudiantes internacionales con una visa F-1 es importante saber quà © opciones tienen para trabajar legalmente y asà ­ sufragar parte de sus gastos. En este artà ­culo, adems de explicar los requisitos para las 4 opciones de trabajo se hace referencia a otras opciones para obtener ayuda econà ³mica. Y al final se mencionan opciones migratorias que permiten quedarse al finalizar los estudios y tambià ©n quà © error no se debe hacer ya que puede salir muy caro. Trabajar con una visa F-1 de estudiante dentro del campus La primera opcià ³n para trabajar se presenta en el mismo lugar donde se est estudiando. Y es que los  estudiantes con una F-1 que està ©n estudiando a tiempo completo pueden trabajar siguiendo estas reglas: Tiempo:  trabajar un mximo de 20 horas semanales, excepto en vacaciones que pueden trabajar a tiempo completo Lugar: en campus significa eso pero tambià ©n admite que sea fuera, siempre y cuando el empleador sea una institucià ³n que tiene una relacià ³n de afiliacià ³n con la universidad o college, seminario, conservatorio, en el que el estudiante cursa sus estudios. Por ejemplo, otra universidad o un laboratorio. Tipo: el trabajo que se desempeà ±a tiene que estar relacionado de algà ºn modo con servicio a estudiantes. Por ejemplo, trabajo en bibliotecas, librerà ­as, etc. Permiso: tiene que contarse con la autorizacià ³n previa del Oficial Designado en la Escuela (DSO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Cundo: comenzarse a trabajar hasta 30 dà ­as antes de comenzar el programa acadà ©mico. Pero una vez que à ©ste finaliza, asà ­ debe ocurrir con el empleo. La excepcià ³n son los casos en los que se cambia de programa.   Trabajar fuera del campus con una visa F-1 por necesidad econà ³mica En este caso es necesario cumplir con un mayor nà ºmero de requerimientos, como: Tener un estatus vlido de estudianteEstar cursando a tiempo completoLlevar al menos un aà ±o acadà ©mico completo con la visa F-1 Necesidad econà ³mica urgente en casos como pà ©rdida sin culpa de puesto de empleo en el campus, cambios en la cotizacià ³n de la divisa del paà ­s del estudiante, facturas mà ©dicas, pà ©rdida de la ayuda financiera u otros gastos inesperados. Si se da alguno de esos casos y no es posible encontrar empleo dentro del campus, el estudiante debe dirigirse al Oficial Designado en la Escuela (DSO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) para que este comunique la situacià ³n a las autoridades migratorias mediante el sistema SEVIS. Asimismo, el DSO proporcionar una certificacià ³n que debe enviarse al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) junto con la planilla I-765 y el pago de la cuota correspondiente para obtener asà ­ un permiso de trabajo. Es conveniente incluir todo tipo de documentacià ³n que sirva de apoyo a la razà ³n que se alega para solicitar ese permiso, (en inglà ©s. Este es un modelo de carta para certifica la traduccià ³n). Entrenamiento prctico curricular (CPT, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Se trata de prcticas pagadas que tienen que estar relacionadas con el grado que cursa el estudiante. Tienen que estar aprobadas por el DSO.   Pueden ser a tiempo parcial (menos de 20 horas a la semana), o, en à ©poca de vacaciones a tiempo completo (ms de 20 horas semanales). Hay que tener en cuenta que si a lo largo de sus estudios el estudiante completa ms de un aà ±o CPT a tiempo completo, al licenciarse (egresado) no podr disfrutar de un OPT. Entrenamiento prctico opcional (OPT, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Se puede realizar durante los estudios de licenciatura, maestrà ­a o doctorado o al  finalizar los mismos.  Estas  son las reglas  para la OPT. El permiso de trabajo en este caso tiene una duracià ³n mxima de 1 aà ±os, si bien en ciertos campos relacionados con las Ciencias y la Tecnologà ­a se puede prorrogar hasta los 17 meses. A tener en cuenta cuando se trabaja Si se trabaja, el DSO proporcionar la documentacià ³n necesaria para solicitar una tarjeta del Nà ºmero del Seguro Social. Al trabajar, hay que reportar los ingresos y, en su caso, pagar impuestos. Si se trabaja sin permiso, eso es una violacià ³n migratoria, que puede tener consecuencias muy serias. Caminos para quedarse en USA trabajando al finalizar los estudios universitarios La mayorà ­a de los estudiantes internacionales regresan a sus paà ­ses de origen. Pero un buen nà ºmero se quedan, al menos temporalmente, al lograr obtener una visa de trabajo, generalmente una H-1B para profesionales, siendo muy solicitadas por los profesionales en el sector tecnolà ³gico. Si bien no son las à ºnicas visas de trabajo disponibles. Adems, en el caso de mexicanos, hay que destacar las visas TN para profesionales, que abren puertas sin tener los inconvenientes de cupo mximo de las H-1B que en la mayorà ­a de los casos dejan sin anualmente a miles de candidatos con patrocinador. Asimismo, tambià ©n es posible conseguir una tarjeta de residencia (green card) ya que las empresas pueden patrocinar por razà ³n de trabajo. Estas son las empresas que ms trabajadores esponsorizan. Finalmente, tambià ©n es posible quedarse en Estados Unidos en casos de ajuste de estatus por matrimonio o similares. Cà ³mo conseguir dinero para pagar por los estudios en Estados Unidos El camino ms transitado por los estudiantes es el de buscar y obtener becas. Estas pueden ser de instituciones o empresas del paà ­s de cada uno o tambià ©n de Estados Unidos, ya que hay muchas de ellas que no excluyen a los estudiantes internacionales, por ejemplo, à ©stas  de universidades de à ©lite. Casi todas las universidades tienen sus propios paquetes y sus reglas de cunto y a quià ©n pueden becar. Y tambià ©n existen instituciones que brindan becas por temas, dependiendo de quà © se estudia o quà © proyecto o trabajo se presenta. Tambià ©n existe la posibilidad de pedir crà ©ditos para estudiante y, finalmente, tambià ©n se puede considerar la posibilidad de realizar parte de los estudios universitarios en community colleges, que resultan ms asequibles, entre otra ventajas que brindan. Quà © errores deben evitar los estudiantes internacionales En primer lugar, no olvidar que trabajar sin permiso es una violacià ³n migratoria. Si hay una denuncia que puede ser anà ³nima o por cualquier otra razà ³n Inmigracià ³n se entera las consecuencias van a ser graves. Y en segundo lugar, recordar que los estudiantes internacionales necesitan una visa para estudiar a tiempo completo. Es cierto que las instituciones educativas admiten a indocumentados. Pero de lo que se trata es de precisamente no acabar en esa categorà ­a migratoria por no utilizar la visa correcta. Esto es relativamente frecuente en los casos de estudiantes internacionales que cursan la high school en Estados Unidos y por errores de este tipo acaban sin visa ellos y sus padres. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism There are various factors which motivate terrorist groups to embark on violent missions towards innocent civilians. To begin with, revenge is one of the key motivations especially by a community which has suffered real or perceived injustices under an administration or a dominant society. For example, the US foreign policy towards the Arab countries in the Middle East has been perceived by terrorists as harsh towards people of Islamic faith (Hoffman, 2003). The country, being a super power, has in the past engaged its military in violent warfare in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq among others which has been viewed by critics as a show of disrespect on the sovereignty of these Muslim nations. Consequently, movements such as the Al-Qaida are a culmination of such thought, which has planted the seed of hatred towards the Americans in general. It is for this reason among others that the US has continued to fall prey to terrorist attacks such as those of September 11, 2001, among others such as the twin bombing of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 whereby more than 200 people lost their lives (Hoffman, 2003). It may be interesting to find that Osama bin Laden was once an ally of the US during the fight against the Soviet Union’s invasion in Afghanistan but the American government did the mistake of invading Iraq during its war with Kuwait instead of letting the Arab nations find a solution for themselves. According to Osama, this indicated that the US did not have respect for the Muslim community and therefore had to be punished by declaring Jihad against it (Abbas, 2004). The need for revenge has led to formation of other terrorist groups such as the Black September Organization. The motivation behind the formation of this organization was to punish the then King Hussein of Jordan, who commissioned the killing and forced eviction of Palestinians by his army in 1970. The organization conducted series of attacks including that of the Mun ich massacre in 1972, which was supposed to make the world know of the plight of the Palestinians. They also hijacked aero planes for example the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) flight in September 1970 from which they freed the hostages and then blew it up in the full glare of the media (David, 2007). From this perspective, it may also be true to say that terrorism may also arise as a violent way of communication. This is due to the fact that most of the terrorists after committing an attack, they usually send signals through the media indicating their involvement and the reasons as to why they have taken such an action. The Islamic Jihad Union for example has constantly made it clear through the media that they are opposed to American’s interference with the affairs of the Arab world and to drive the point home, series of attacks have been directed at the US both as a revenge and a show of discontent (National Counter Terrorism Center, 2011). Violent communicati on in this context has been as a result of under reporting or not reporting at all the plight of marginalized groups and communities. The media has been noted as always being ready to report events that are of great magnitude especially those involving violence and giving little attention to these

The Learning Curves Theory Review of the Pizza Store Layout Simulation Essay

The Learning Curves Theory Review of the Pizza Store Layout Simulation - Essay Example The first assumption evaluates the time that a business requires to complete routine tasks (Anderson & Parker, 2002). They further explain that the second assumption measures the degree of improvement that reduces when volume is increased. Lastly, the learning curve theory estimates the rate of predictable improvement in an organization over a set period. Mario Pizziera’s management team increases the number of tables in tables of four and two to 10 and 8 respectively. The team also increases the waiting staff to a total of six employees who serve customers and three kitchen staff to prepare Mario’s tasty pizzas. The overall output of these changes in the restaurant increase table utilization by 93.85 % in the tables that four customers occupy. Previously, table utilization was 99.56% on tables that a batch of four customers occupied in the restaurant. The total number of customers that balk in tables of four is 37. Mario’s restaurant tables are distributed and i ncreased to ten and eight in tables of four and two respectively to increase productivity and profits. The tables that four customers occupy in the restaurant upsurges to 107 groups of customers but 17 groups walk out without receiving Mario’s service and pizzas. Tables that host a batch of two customers increase in utilization by 88%. The number of groups in tables that two customers occupy increases to 69, but 2 groups balk. The time that customers wait for services and food are 5.63 minutes and a queue length of 2.46 minutes. The profits during this organizational change amount to $1,308 but lost sales are worth $540. Mario wants more profits and sales, which prompts for an adjustment in the pizza layout simulation process. ... Mario Pizziera has only two manual ovens that function well. The processing time for pizza increases to 15 minutes while the time that time that waiting staff utilize in serving customers increases to 13 minutes from 8 minutes. Mario’s management team improvises a new menu order that is automatic. They also purchase two new Plax ovens that process faster than the manual ovens. Two Plax ovens increase the number of groups of customers that occupy tables for two by 68 groups, but 2 groups balk without Mario’s pizza. Tables that host groups of four customers increase by 108 groups, but 10 groups walk out without pizza. The tables that host a batch of four customers per table has a decrease in utility by 80.40%. However, the waiting time for customers decreases to 3.96 minutes and 2.44 minutes for queue length. Mario’s waiting staff utility level increases by 90.83% but the kitchen staff experiences under utility by 68%. The new Plax ovens need less of the staff effo rts in preparing pizza. Mario Pizziera’s profits increase to $1,665 and lost sales decrease to $330. Mario implements a promotional strategy that will market the pizza restaurant to potential customers and increase demand. He creates a take-out counter and cream puffs as new products and services in the restaurant. Tables that host a batch of two customers in each table hold 98 groups but 9 groups walk out without Mario’s pizza. The eight tables that host two customers in a meal have 79.86% utility. Tables that host a batch of four customers accommodate for 141 groups, but 19 groups balk. The utilization of table four in the restaurant is 79.84%. The take-out counter does not have any customers. Mario’s wait staff increase utility

Research design and methodlogy Essay Example for Free

Research design and methodlogy Essay This chapter presents and discusses the method of research used and the procedures utilized by the researcher in this study. It likewise includes the sources of data and the treatment of data. Methodology of the study This investigation adopted the compare and contrast qualitative research method as this is the most appropriate way in determining the effect the type of business to the success of the business. In addition, the quantitative approach was included to complement the qualitative part of this research. The Archival Research is defined by Bordens, Kenneth S. , and Abbott, Bruce B. , (1999) as a non-experimental strategy that involves studying existing records. These records can be historical account of events, census data, court records, police crime reports, or any other archived information. This qualitative study is divided by two parts. They are: 1. Compare Motherhood and Feminism in Beloved 2. Contrast Motherhood and Feminism in Beloved. And, the quantitative study focused on interviewing twenty persons who have read the Beloved novel. The researcher took pains in reading, searching and analysis of the different parts of this study. The researcher examined the comparison and contrast of Motherhood and Feminism in Beloved. The historical background is one of the main focus of this study including their success. The final phase was the analysis, presentation and the drawing of the conclusions and the recommendation. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The primary research instrument and technique was used in the gathering of data for this study. In addition, the researcher used secondary sources taken from books and journals. These secondary sources had guided the researcher to broaden the point of understanding specifically the effect of Motherhood on Feminism in Beloved. The analysis of variance was used to compare the different topics found in Beloved and the respondents answers grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. The formula for Analysis of Variance includes Y i = e i where e i is N(0, ? 2 ) [2. 1] RESEARCH PROCEDURE The researcher seeks the primary as well as secondary materials as the best way to examine the effect of Slavery on Motherhood and Feminism in the Beloved Novel. After a through studying, reading and scrutinizing the different data, it is best to use the secondary sources as a basis for company business analysis and then coming up with the output – Results of the Effect of Slavery on Motherhood and Feminism in the Beloved Novel. Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter puts forward the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data collected. The questions identified in the problem are used as the bases for the presentation. The sequence of the structure includes table, analysis and interpretation of the data of the current study. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY PART I 1. Compare Slavery to Feminism in the Beloved novel. There are similarities between slavery and feminism in the Beloved novel. 1. 1 Both slaves and women have responsibilities in the Beloved Novel. The slaves must clean the homes and even be the unwilling sex toys of their owners. The women have the responsibility to take care of the children in the Beloved Novel. Here, the Nation Journal states about Morrisons intentions in writing Beloved, â€Å"What is this absolute obsession with violence? I mean, violence is two things. First of all, it takes a certain amount of courage, physical courage, but it also requires a certain laziness of intellect. So its both easy and hard. Its such a childs view, as is the puny language that accompanies it. I guess I shouldnt dump that on children, but it certainly is not adult. † The language of literature that is bellicose, that is warlike, is the prized language 1. 2 Both slaves and women have feelings. For, both the slaves and the women can feel both sad and happy. Sethe was sad to feel that her child, Beloved would grow up a slave like her. Sethe felt sad when she knew she would never see her husband again. Here, Toni Morrison has conjured a way to bring back the past to the readers of this novel where slaves too have feelings . 2. Contrast Slavery to Feminism in the Beloved novel. There are differences between Slavery and Feminism in the Beloved novel. 2. 1 Slaves are the property of the owners but Women are not the property of their husbands. For the slave owners feel that they have the right to rape the women slaves because they feel that slaves as their property. The wives cannot be forced to have sex with their husbands or anyone else against their will . 2. 2 Slaves can not own their children but free women can own their children. Sethe killed Beloved because she did not want her to grow up and suffer as a slave like her. She is too possessive of her children. Women who are free, includes freed African Americans, can own their children. Beloved flirts with Paul D. because she wants to have a child of her own. She plans to take care of the child until it grows old. She wants to give her child the love and caring that her mother, Sethe, was too selfish to give her . 2. 3 Slaves have no freedom to do what they want whereas free women are free to do what they want anytime provided it does not violate the rights of others. The slaves are classified as animals in Beloved and have to right or privilege. However, free women a right to fall in love and to roam anywhere they want. This is the reason why Sethe ran away from her owners. This is also the main reason why Sethe’s husband, Paul D. and Stamp paid ran away from their owners. Sethe’s mother in law, Baby Suggs feels that she is now happy for being free to stay at her home to do whatever she wants . Being an African American herself, Toni Morrison â€Å"Historically, women in Africa have dominated the use (and instruction) of literary forms that include proverbs and folk- tales. In consequence, it is important to determine the scope of the narrative traditions in black womens literature and to specify the nature of this relationshipto discuss olktales, for example, in conjunction with the voices of/in the tales. The tellers, the mode of telling, the complications and sometimes obfuscations of telling become critical not only to the folkloric traditions, but to the larger narrative traditions as well† PART II This quantitative essay was done in order to know how people feel about the Beloved story by African American Toni Morrison which was published recently in 1987. For the society changes and humans evolve both in mind and in spirit. The environment where one lives is called reality. And literature evolves or alters its role, its action, its form of practice just like the environment of which it is a part. The people reading the book will cherish their past where their grandparents were once slaves or owners of slaves. 4. 0Frequency 4. 1 Age Table 1 AGE of Respondents Age Range Frequency Percent Rank. 15- 24 11 55 1 25- 34 5 25 2 34- 44 3 15 3 45- above 1 5 4 Total 20 100 The above table shows that there are eleven respondents belong to the 15 -24 age level. This group represents fifty five percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 1 in the above table based on their percentage. Also, there are five respondents belonging to the 25 -34 age level. This group represents twenty five percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 2 in the above table based on their percentage. There are three respondents belonging to the 35- 45 age level. This group represents fifteen percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 3 in the above table based on their percentage. Lastly, there is only one respondent belonging to the 45 and above age level. This group represents five percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 4 in the above table based on their percentage. There are more respondents belonging to the 15- 25 age level. 4. 2 Gender Table 2 GENDER of Respondents Gender Frequency Percent Rank F 14 70 1 M 6 30 2 Total 20 100 The above table shows that there are fourteen respondents belong to the Female Gender. This group represents seventy percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 1 in the above table based on their percentage. Also, there are six respondents belonging to the Males Gender. This group represents Thirty percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 2 in the above table based on their percentage. There are more respondents belonging to the Female Gender. 4. 3 Education.

Startup Plan for Wedding Internet Business :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Startup Plan for Wedding Internet Business Frequent Shopper Programs Card Programs, or Frequent Shoppers Programs (FSP) are increasing in supermarkets around the country. FSPs are bringing more consumers into the grocery stores more often and studies show that these cardholders are more likely to spend than non card members. One study shows that over 80% of customers shop less than once a week in the same store. Most consumers have low customer loyalty, so retailers are looking for a way to reward them in order to get them to continually shop in their stores. Retailers are looking for a way to increase their profits by having repeat customers. Studies show that cardholders account for 75% of the stores sales. Main goals of using a FSP are to retain customers, have them visit frequently and spend more money. Targeted demographics for card programs consist of larger, upscale, educated families of three or more. Studies show that the top five reasons for a consumer to choose a retail store are due to: 1). Convenient Location 2.) Store Deals 3.) Frequent Shopper Programs 4.) Assortment of Merchadise 5.) Store Cleanliness Consumers who have cards spend 4xs more each transaction than a non card member. The average non card holding consumer in the store spends $7 versus a card holder who spends $28 per transaction. By using frequent shopper programs, retailers can keep a database to segment their customers by their buying habits in order to better market themselves to the needs of their customers. Databases can help with marketing efforts geared at differentiating themselves from competitors by segmenting customers by how often they shop, how much they spend, and what their shopping patterns are. Grocery retailers are seeing benefits from these programs but there are some glitches to joining one. FSPs are expansive programs to initiate. The program costs anywhere from $15,000 to $20,000 a year. Retailers must consider whether their ready to initiate a program and monitor the database in order to create a variety of marketing schemes to follow through on.

Comparing The Lottery and Hills Like White Elephants

â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson is a story based off of its point of view, the story would not be told or understood in the same way if it was written in a different point of view. This story keeps the interest of it's readers because it has a point of view where only the people in the story know whats going to happen and know more information than the readers do. If this story was written in first person the readers would know what the lottery was from the beginning of the story and that would make the story not have the surprise ending that confuses the audience. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written by Ernest Hemingway is also written in third person point of view. This story is written in a different way then â€Å"The Lottery† is written because in â€Å"The Lottery† everyone knows whats going on besides the audience, and in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† only the two main characters know what is going on and what the main conversation contains. Another main difference in these two stories is that Jackson tricks her audience and Hemingway never even demonstrated the reason for the conflict in the story. Although both stories are related by using the same point of view they are completely different with the plot and the amount of information they with hold from their audience. Both authors use third person in their own ways and it makes different but related effects to the ending of the stories. One of the effects that are different in each story are the amount of people who know whats going on and what the conflict is. Also, the ending of each story, there is a main effect on the point of view factor. Hemingway does not resolve the conflict that the characters in the story know but the audience does not know. Jackson on the other hand reveals to his audience the conflict and the information he has been with holding from the beginning of the story. The point of view in the stories has a dramatic effect on how they are interpreted from the audience, and what information is known by the audience in any point of the story. If either of these stories were written in first person point of view the entire plot and conflict of the story would change and the audience would have a different outlook on the overall story. In â€Å"The Lottery†, if the audience would have known it was a negative lottery it would have changed the effect the ending had on the audience. However, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, would have more of an effect on the audience if it was written in first person point of view. This way the audience would be able to know the main conflict the couple is arguing about throughout the entire story, but the conclusion of the story would change the effect on the readers. Although both stories are wrote in the same point of view, each author interrupts their own personal effects to the stories in which they wrote. Jackson gives her audience clues and hints about the ending, such as the boys piling rocks in the corner of the room, that could be the first signs that the lottery was not what the audience expected it to be. Hemingway however does not take the same approach that Jackson did and did not give his readers clues in the actual text about the information that is being with held from them. The titles of these two stories differ as well, â€Å"The Lottery† is a basic title for the overall story plot, but â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is a more complicated title that does not give a general over view of the story. The title is supposed to indicate important information about the story, and Hemingway took the third person point of view in the actual text and keep the conflict from his audience but he gave his audience some information in the title. When he used this phrase as his title, he opened his reader's mind to interpret many different ideas and conclusions about this conflict in which they are with held from knowing. â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† are both written in third person but Jackson and Hemingway took this point of view and put their own personal effects into it. Jackson includes clues through out the text that about the actual lottery. Hemingway interprets his clues to the audience through the title of the story. These two stories are similar in the point of view but they differ in how the authors applied what the audience should and should not know through clues in the text and title.

Proving the guilt of murder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4668 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Question 1 Amina may be guilty of the murder of Yasin and Khadija. Khadija To establish a case of murder, the prosecution must prove (1) that the unlawful death of Khadija was caused by an act (or omission)[1] of Amina; and (2) that Amina did that act (or omitted to act) with malice aforethought[2], whether express or implied[3]. So far as causation is concerned, in the context of homicide offences, this simply means that Khadijaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death was accelerated by Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions[4]. The burden of proving that Amina is guilty remains on the prosecution throughout the trial and unless Amina wishes to raise a special defence of insanity or diminished responsibility (discussed later) she will at no point be required to establish any defence, or partial defence, to the charge[5]. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"malice aforethoughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mentalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ element of murder, may either consist of an intention to kill unlawfully (express malice) or an intention to cause grievous bodily harm, i.e. really serious harm[6], unlawfully (implied malice)[7]. It is not sufficient for the finding of intent that Khadijaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death was a natural and probable consequence of Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action; the relevant question is whether Amina did intend or foresee Khadijaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death (or the fact that Khadija would sustain grievous bodily harm), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by reference to all the evidence, drawing such inferences from the evidence as may be proper in the circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8]. The fact that Amina foresaw that Khadija would die or sustain grevious bodily harm from the multiple stab wounds is not conclusive evidence of intention but is a relevant factor to be taken into consideration[9]. Neither is the fact that Khadijaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death was a virtually certain result of Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions conclusive; although the greater the probability of a consequence, the more likely it is that it was foreseen and, if that consequence w as foreseen, the more likely it is that it was also intended[10]. On the facts, it would seem that Amina would be found guilty of Khadijaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death. The act of stabbing Khadija à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"acceleratedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ her death, and although the finding of intent will be a matter for the jury, it is clear that Khadija would die or at least sustain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very serious harmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from being stabbed multiple times; it is highly likely therefore that the jury would rule that this was foreseen and therefore intended[11]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Proving the guilt of murder" essay for you Create order Yasin The first element to be proved to establish the offence of murder is to show that the unlawful death of Yasin was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"causedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act of stabbing Yasin in the stomach once using a bread knife. Although there is the later issue of Jakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligent treatment, it is certain that but for Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act, Yasin would not have died. Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conduct does not have to be the sole or the effective cause of Yasinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death: it will be sufficient that it is a cause à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“which cannot be dismissed as minimal or as slight or triflingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12]. So far as Yasinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death is concerned, there may be two or more independent operative causes, and any person whose conduct constitutes a substantial (more than minimal) cause may be convicted of an offence in respect of his death[13]. We are told that, during the operation to save Yasins life, Jake, the an aesthetist, who was newly qualified, did not realise that the tube supplying oxygen to Yasin had become detached and Yasin died. Amina could argue that the chain of causation was broken by Jakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions, using R v Jordan (1956)[14] as an authority, which decided that if medical treatment received was the sole cause of death, and was grossly negligent, the chain would be broken. However, there are cases that since suggest the argument in Jordan will be very difficult to use. For example, in R v Smith (1959)[15], the defendant stabbed the victim in a brawl and en route to the medical orderly, the victim was dropped twice; the medical orderly then failed to diagnose the full extent of his wounds. The victim died, but the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conviction for murder was upheld as the wound was still an operating cause of death and so the chain of causation was not broken. Similarly, in R v Mellor (1996)[16], the appelantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument that the subst antial cause of death was the failure of the medical staff at the hospital to administer sufficient oxygen to the victim failed, on the basis that, per Schiemann LJ, there was no onus on the Crown to prove that any supervening cause, such as medical treatment, was not a substantial cause of death. In R v Cheshire (1991)[17], Bedlam LJ stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It will only be in the most extraordinary and unusual case that such treatment can be said to be so independent of the acts of the accused that it could be regarded in law as the cause of the victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death to the exclusion of the accusedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In every case, it is a question of fact and degree, and is for the jury to decide, having regard to the gravity of the supervening event, and to whether the injuries inflicted by the defendant are a significant cause of death[18]. Although the medical treatment Yasin received was incompetent, therefore, Amina would still be guilty of mu rder if the wound was the operating and substantial cause of death. We are told that Yasin required life saving treatment and so we can assume this is the case. It will also be necessary to establish that the requisite mens rea existed; Amina must have either intended to kill Yasin, or intended to cause grievous bodily harm, i.e. really serious harm[19]. As for Khadija, it is not sufficient for the finding of intent that Yasinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death was a natural and probable consequence of Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action; the relevant question is whether Amina did intend or foresee Yasinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death (or the fact that Yasin would sustain grievous bodily harm). As for Khadija, the fact that Amina foresaw that Yasin would die or sustain grievous bodily harm from the stab wound to the stomach is not conclusive evidence of intention but is a relevant factor[20]. Of note here, Amina only stabs Yasin once, whereas she stabs Khadija several times à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this c ould perhaps indicate that she doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t intend to kill Yasin. However, it is virtually certain that Yasin would sustain grevious bodily harm from such an attack, which is all that is required for the mens rea of murder, and so it is likely to be regarded as foreseen, and therefore intended[21]. It is likely therefore that Amina will be found guilty of the murder of Yasin. Defences Provocation If Amina successfully raises the defence of provocation, this may reduce a charge of murder to one of manslaughter. The test of whether the defence of provocation is entitled to succeed is a dual one. The alleged conduct causing the provocation must (i) actually cause à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a sudden and temporary loss of self controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  making the defendant so subject to passion that he is not the master of his hand (the subjective test); and (ii) the provocation must be sufficient to make a reasonable man do as the defendant did (the objective test). Provocation may consist of things done or said, or both, and the question as to whether this was enough to make a reasonable man do as he did is one for the jury, taking into account everything both done and said according to the effect which, in the jurys opinion, it would have on a reasonable man[22]. The facts state that Amina found Yasin in their bedroom asleep, with another woman, Khadija, lying beside him. Of note, anyth ing can amount to provocation and so this conduct will suffice[23]. Amina goes downstairs, picks up a bread-knife, returns to the bedroom and stabs Yasin and then Khadija. The time elapsing between the provocation and the killing is relatively short[24], which suggests that there indeed was a sudden temporary loss of control. To satisfy the objective stage, it is necessary to show that a reasonable person would have reacted the same way as Amina did, and the key decision in this area is R v Smith (Morgan) (2000) 4 All ER 289. Aminaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristics can be taken into account as with regards to the gravity of the provocation and degree of self control expected. Presumably characteristics such as the repeated beatings that Amina has endured could be taken into account as a factor in explaining why Amina reacted so violently to the situation. The test requires that the jury ask whether Amina exercised what was reasonable self control for her. Jealously alone should not be taken into account[25], but Yasinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s repeated beatings may be a factor. Previous cases show that if the defendant has endured abuse over a period of time, particularly where this has resulted in battered woman syndrome, a jury may more readily find that there was a sudden loss of control triggered by even a minor incident à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the incident proves to be the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"last strawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the defendant[26]. It seems likely on the facts that Amina will be able to use the defence of provocation to reduce the charge to one of manslaughter. There are two counts on which Amina may wish to raise the defence of provocation. The first relates to the repeated beatings that Yasin has given her over a number of years. Diminished responsibility Amina may be able to claim diminished responsibility if she can show that at the time of the murder, she was suffering from such abnormality of mind as substantially impaired her mental responsibility[27] for her acts in carrying out the killings[28]. Abnormality of mind, means a state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal[29]. The onus will be on Amina to prove the defence, but only a preponderance of probabilities must be shown[30]. If the defence is successful, Amina will be changed with manslaughter rather than murder[31]. Of note Battered womens syndrome, which was listed in the British Classification of Mental Diseases in 1994, can give rise to the defence of diminished responsibility[32]. Amina may therefore be able to use this defence on the basis that Yasin has beat her over a period of time and she is suffering from the syndrome as a result. If she is able to adduce medical evidence of the syndrome, the c ourt may accept it and this will avoid a trial for murder altogether[33]. Amina may try to get the charge reduced to manslaughter on the basis of both provocation and diminished responsibility, and if the jury does return a verdict of manslaughter, the judge may ask the jury on which ground its verdict is based or whether it was based on both grounds[34]. In conclusion, it seems that Amina would be found guilty for both the murder of Yasin and Khadija, but may have both the defences of provocation and diminished responsibility available to her, which would reduce the charge to manslaughter. - Bertramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability under Section 18 OAPA1861 Bertram may be guilty of maliciously wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent, under Section 18 OAPA1861. The maximum sentence for this offence on conviction is imprisonment for life. The actus reus of the offence, either maliciously wounding or causing grievous bodily harm, usually requires a break in the surface of the skin[35]. The actions in relation to tightening a belt round Ameliaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s neck causing her to suffer from distorted vision and headaches will probably not therefore suffice for the purposes of Section 18; although the meaning of grievous bodily harm is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not limited to the skin, flesh and bones of the victim, but also includes an identifiable psychiatric injuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [36]. Whether Ameliaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s headaches and distorted vision amount to an identifiable psychiatric injury will be judged objectively, according to the ordinary standards of usage and experience, and not subjectively from the standpoint of how Ame lia would describe it[37]. The act of burning Amelia with lighter fluid will almost certainly amount to a sufficient act for this purpose however; the facts state that her injuries were serious and required skin grafts. To establish an offence under Section 18, it must also be shown that Bertram is malicious; in that he specifically intended his actions to result in some unlawful bodily harm to Amelia; not that he was just reckless as to whether the harm may occur[38]. The prosecution will have to prove that it was his purpose to do some grievous bodily harm, or that in tightening the belt round Ameliaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s neck, he foresaw such harm as at least virtually certain, permitting the jury to infer the necessary intent[39]. On the facts, it does not seem that Bertram really intended to hurt Amelia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" clearly his actions were for pleasure. It is unlikely that he would be found guilty under Section 18 therefore. Bertramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability under Section 20 OAPA1861 Bertram may be guilty of the lesser offence of maliciously wounding or maliciously inflicting grievous bodily harm under Section 20 OAPA1861. The maximum sentence on conviction for this offence is five years. For this offence, again there usually will be a break in the surface of the skin[40], although as before, the question of whether the headaches and distorted vision amount to an identifiable psychiatric illness equating to grievous bodily harm will be judged objectively, according to the ordinary standards of usage and experience. Of note, in R v Burstow [1997][41], it was held that a stalker could be convicted of an offence under Section 20 even where he had not applied physical violence directly or indirectly to the body of the victim. This suggests that the headaches and distorted vision may qualify towards establishing the offence. The burns to Ameliaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skin will certainly qualify as malicious wounding or infliction of grievous bodily harm due to their severity. The mens rea for a Section 20 offence is denoted by the word maliciously, and for Section 20, it will be sufficient to prove that Bertram intended his act to result in some unlawful bodily harm to some other person, or alternatively was subjectively reckless as to the risk that his act might result in such harm[42]. He must at very least foresee the possibility of some physical harm occurring or he will not be liable under Section 20[43]. On the facts, there is a strong possibility that Bertram would be liable under Section 20; although he is surprised by the extent of the flames, at least some physical harm would be a virtual certainty. Bertramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability under Section 47 OAPA1861 If the Section 20 charge fails, perhaps for lack of intent, Bertram could be charged under Section 47 OAPA1861 for assault occasioning actual bodily harm. The maximum sentence for this office on conviction is five yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ imprisonment. It will be necessary to show that Bertram assaulted Amelia, in that he caused her to apprehend an immediate infliction of violence or carried out the actual infliction of violence occasioning bodily harm. Bodily harm is defined in R v Chan-Fook [1994][44] as being any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health or comfort of the victim. Ameliaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s injuries, both in relation to the belt and the burns, would definitely satisfy this criteria. Liability will be established if it can be shown that Bertram has the mens rea of common assault, which is intention or recklessness. Bertram may not have intended the harm caused to Amelia but may well have been reckless as to the harm being caused, in that he was aw are of the risk of harm, and took the risk unreasonably[45]. It seems likely that, at very least, he would be guilty of an offence under Section 47 as it would be virtually certain that his actions would cause at least some harm. As a defence to his actions, Bertram may seek to argue that Amelia consented to the harm caused. The evidential burden of proof lies with Bertram who must produce evidence of consent before the judge is required to put it before the jury. R v Donavon (1934)[46] is the authority for the fact that a victim may not validly consent to physical harm if it amounts to actual bodily harm or worse, unless the activity comes within a range of policy based exceptions[47]. We have already established that Bertram is very likely to be charged with Section 20 or Section 47 OAPA1861, and so he will only be able to argue consent if it does fall within an exception. Such exceptions were considered in R v Brown [1993][48] in which a group of homosexual males were being tried for, inter alia, assault occasioning actual bodily harm and unlawful wounding under the OAPA1861 for participating in sado-masochistic practices. The Court of Appeal dismissed their appeals against conviction, but asked for guidance as to whether it was necessary for the prosecution to prove lack of consent to establish guilt under Section 20 or Section 47 OAPA1861. By a majority of three to two, the House of Lords held that consent was irrelevant; the conduct was presumptively unlawful in that it involved à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“violence, cruelty and abnormal and perverted homosexual activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unpredictably dangerous and degrading to body and mindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The activities fell within the definition of the offences and since injury was both intended and caused, consent was irrelevant unless the Court could find that there was a good reason to allow the activity (i.e. public policy reasons, as for sporting activities like boxing). The majority of the Lords held that there were several good reasons why the defence should not be extended to cover such activities relating, inter alia, to the risk of serious infections, injuries and spreading diseases such as AIDS there was therefore no public interest in permitting such practices. As a result, consent is a defence only to common assault where no injury is caused and or/intended but where it is intended and/or caused, it will be no defence unless there is a reason to justify it in the public interest. So far as Bertram is concerned, then, it is highly unlikely that he will successfully be able to raise the defence of consent since the practices that the assaults referred to were similarly dangerous and risked serious injury, as for those in R v Brown [1993][49], and there are no public policy reasons for allowing them. We are told that Amelia pursues Bertram for over a year with letters, cards and telephone calls begging him to return and that as a result, Ber tram suffers from anxiety and nervousness requiring psychiatric counselling; we are also told he has to give up his job for lack of concentration. The issue is whether these injuries will amount to an assault occasioning actual bodily harm under Section 47 OAPA1861. Psychiatric harm can be grievous bodily harm or actual bodily harm; this depends on its severity. In either case, expert medical evidence is required as to the extent of the harm. R v Burstow; R v Ireland (1997)[50] establishes that neuroses should be distinguished from simple states of fear or problems coping with everyday life, but where the line is drawn is a matter of psychiatric judgement. A charge under Section 47 requires proof that Amelia has committed an assault, in the sense that she has caused Bertram to apprehend immediate physical violence. This can be established by means of a phone call, even if it is silent[51]. The type of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stalkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ she appears to be carrying out can am ount to an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, where it causes a clinical illness (as opposed to simple anxiety and stress)[52]. However, Bertram is anxious and nervous, and suffers from lack of concentration; this is unlikely to amount to a clinical illness. The facts do not suggest either the calls, cards and letters cause him to apprehend physical violence. Merely causing him to feel uncomfortable will not suffice. If therefore the actus reus of assault is not established, the charge under Section 47 of OAPA1861 fails, as does any possible common assault charge. Even if it can be shown that Bertram did apprehend immediate physical violence, it must also be shown that Amelia intended this, or was at least aware of the risk that Bertram might suffer this harm[53]. The facts state that Amelia simply wants Bertram back; they do not suggest that her communications are in any way threatening or unpleasant, and so it seems unlikely that she will be guilty of assault for her actio ns. She may however be liable under the Protection From Harassment Act 1997, which provides that a person must not pursue a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another person, and which they knows or ought to know amounts to harassment of the other. The sort of conduct that might qualify for this offence will include causing Bertram distress[54] which appears to be the case here. The test is an objective one and asks whether a reasonable person in possession of the same information would think the course of conduct amounted to or involved harassment of the other[55]. The reasonable person referred to is a hypothetical reasonable person who is not endowed with the defendants standards or characteristics[56]. On the facts it seems that Amelia would likely be guilty of harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. In conclusion, it is likely that Bertram would be liable under Section 20 of the OAPA1861, or possibly Section 47 if the Section 20 charge fail ed for lack of intent. The defence of consent will not be available because of the practices concerned. Amanda is unlikely to be guilty of any offences under the OAPA1861 but may be guilty under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 for causing Bertram distress. Bibliography Douglas, G Molan, M (2005/6) Criminal Law (4th Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Laws of England: Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure 2. Offences Against the Person (1) Homicide (ii) Murder 89. The Elements Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Laws of England: Homicide (iii) Manslaughter b. voluntary manslaughter 94. Provocation as defence to murder charge Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Laws of England: Homicide (iii) Manslaughter b. voluntary manslaughter 96. Diminished responsibility as defence to murder charge. Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law Evidence and Procedure 2. Offences Against the Person (3) Non fatal offences against the person (ii) Wounding or Causing Grievous Bodily Harm with Intent 119. Constituents of wounding etc with intent Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law Evidence and Procedure 2. Offences Against the Person (3) Non fatal offences against the person (xi) Harassment 152. Prohibitions of harassment and offence of harassment Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure 1. Principles of Criminal Liability (2) The Elements of Crime (ii) The Criminal Conduct 6. Causation Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure 1. Principles of Criminal Liability (2) The Elements of Crime (iii) The Mental Element 13. Proof of intention and foresight Table of Cases A-Gs Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] 2 All ER 1057 Chan Kau v R [1955] AC 206, [1955] 1 All ER 266, PC DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290, 44 Cr App Rep 261, HL Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] AC 131, [1996] 2 All ER 1033, PC Mancini v DPP [1942] AC 1, 28 Cr App Rep 65, HL MLoughlin (1838) 8 C P 635 Moriarty v Brooks (1834) 6 C P 684 R v Doughty (1986) 83 Cr App R 319 R v Adams (1957) unreported, summarised at [1957] Crim LR 375 R v Belfon [1976] 1 WLR 741 R v Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75 R v Brown, R v Stratton [1998] Crim LR 485, CA. R v Burstow; R v Ireland (1997) 4 All ER 225 R v Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396, 44 Cr App Rep 246, CCA R v Chan-Fook [1994] 2 All ER 552 R v Cheshire (1991) 3 All ER 670 R v Colohan [2001] EWCA Crim 1251, [2001] 2 FLR 757, [2001] Crim LR 845; R v Constanza [1997] Crim LR 576 R v Cox [1968] 1 All ER 386, 52 Cr App Rep 130, CA R v Cunningham [1982] AC 566, 73 Cr App Rep 253, HL R v Donavon (1934) 2 KB 498 R v Dunb ar [1958] 1 QB 1, 41 Cr App Rep 182, CCA R v Dyson [1908] 2 KB 454, 1 Cr App Rep 13, CCA R v G [2003] UKHL 50, [2004] 1 AC 1034, [2004] 1 Cr App Rep 237 R v Gibbins, R v Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App Rep 134, CCA R v Hancock [1986] AC 455, 82 Cr App Rep 264, HL. R v Hayward (1833) 6 C P 157 R v Hennigan [1971] 3 All ER 133, 55 Cr App Rep 262, CA R v Hobson [1998] 1 Cr App Rep 31, CA R v Ireland, R v Burstow [1998] AC 147, [1998] 1 Cr App Rep 177, HL R v Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 R v Matheson [1958] 2 All ER 87, 42 Cr App Rep 145, CCA; R v Mellor (1996) 2 Cr App R 245 R v Mowatt [1968] 1 QB 421 R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter [1991] R v Savage; R v Parmenter (1991) 3 WLR 914 R v Smith (1959) 2 All ER 193 R v Smith (Morgan) (2000) 4 All ER 289 R v Thornton (No 2) [1996] 2 All ER 1023, [1996] 2 Cr App Rep 108, CA R v Woollin (1998) 4 All ER 103 Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 25 Cr App Rep 72, HL Footnotes [1] R v Gibbins, R v Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App Rep 134, CCA [2] Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 25 Cr App Rep 72, HL; Mancini v DPP [1942] AC 1, 28 Cr App Rep 65, HL [3] Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Laws of England: Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure 2. Offences Against the Person (1) Homicide (ii) Murder 89. The Elements [4] R v Dyson [1908] 2 KB 454, 1 Cr App Rep 13, CCA; R v Adams (1957) unreported, summarised at [1957] Crim LR 375: Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure 1. Principles of Criminal Liability (2) The Elements of Crime (ii) The Criminal Conduct 6. Causation [5] Chan Kau v R [1955] AC 206, [1955] 1 All ER 266, PC [6] DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290, 44 Cr App Rep 261, HL [7] R v Cunningham [1982] AC 566, 73 Cr App Rep 253, HL [8] Criminal Justice Act 1967 Section 8; Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure 1. Principles of Criminal Liability (2) The Elements of Crime (iii) The Mental Element 13. Proof of intention and foresight [9] R v Hancock [1986] AC 455, 82 Cr App Rep 264, HL. [10] R v Hancock [1986] AC 455, 82 Cr App Rep 264, HL; Halsburys Laws of England: 13. Proof of intention and foresight [11] R v Hancock [1986] AC 455, 82 Cr App Rep 264, HL [12] R v Hennigan [1971] 3 All ER 133, 55 Cr App Rep 262, CA [13] Halsburys Laws of England: 7. Causation [14] R v Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 [15] R v Smith (1959) 2 All ER 193 [16] R v Mellor (1996) 2 Cr App R 245 [17] R v Cheshire (1991) 3 All ER 670 [18] Douglas Molan, p.57 [19] R v Cunningham [1982] AC 566, 73 Cr App Rep 253, HL [20] R v Hancock [1986] AC 455, 82 Cr App Rep 264, HL. [21] R v Hancock [1986] AC 455, 82 Cr App Rep 264, HL; Halsburys Laws of England: 13. Proof of intention and foresight [22] Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Laws of England: Homicide (iii) Manslaughter b. voluntary manslaughter 94. Provocation as defence to murder charge [23] R v Doughty (1986) 83 Cr App R 319 [24] R v Hayward (1833) 6 C P 157 [25] R v Smith (Morgan) (2000) 4 All ER 289 [26] R v Thornton (No 2) [1996] 2 All ER 1023 at 1030, [1996] 2 Cr App Rep 108 at 116, CA, per Lord Taylor CJ; Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] AC 131 at 141, [1996] 2 All ER 1033 at 1047, PC [27] R v Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396 at 403, 44 Cr App Rep 246 at 252, CCA [28] Homicide Act 1957 s 2(1) [29] R v Byrne [1960] supra [30] R v Dunbar [1958] 1 QB 1, 41 Cr App Rep 182, CCA [31] Homicide Act 1957 s 2(3) [32] : R v Hobson [1998] 1 Cr App Rep 31, CA [33] R v Cox [1968] 1 All ER 386, 52 Cr App Rep 130, CA [34] R v Matheson [1958] 2 All ER 87, 42 Cr App Rep 145, CCA; Halsburyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Laws of England: Homicide (iii) Manslaughter b. voluntary manslaughter 96. Diminished responsibility as defence to murder charge. [35] Moriarty v Brooks (1834) 6 C P 684; MLoughlin (1838) 8 C P 635 [36] R v Ireland, R v Burstow [1998] AC 147, [1998] 1 Cr App Rep 177, HL: Halsburys Laws o f England: Criminal Law Evidence and Procedure 2. Offences Against the Person (3) Non fatal offences against the person (ii) Wounding or Causing Grievous Bodily Harm with Intent 119. Constituents of wounding etc with intent [37] R v Brown, R v Stratton [1998] Crim LR 485, CA. [38] R v Belfon [1976] 1 WLR 741 [39] R v Woollin (1998) 4 All ER 103 [40] Moriarty v Brooks (1834) 6 C P 684; MLoughlin (1838) 8 C P 635 [41] R v Burstow [1997] 4 All ER 225 [42] R v Mowatt [1968] 1 QB 421; R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter [1991] [43] R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter [1991] 4 All ER 698 [44] R v Chan-Fook [1994] 2 All ER 552 [45] R v G [2003] UKHL 50 at [41], [2004] 1 AC 1034 at [41], [2004] 1 Cr App Rep 237 at [41] per Lord Bingham of Cornhill [46] R v Donavon (1934) 2 KB 498 [47] See also A-Gs Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] 2 All ER 1057 [48] R v Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75 [49] R v Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75 [50] R v Burstow; R v Ireland (1997) 4 All ER 225 [51] R v Burstow; R v Ireland, supra [52] R v Constanza [1997] Crim LR 576 [53] R v Savage; R v Parmenter (1991) 3 WLR 914 [54] Protection from Harassment Act s 7(2) [55] Protection from Harassment Act s 1(2) (as amended) [56] R v Colohan [2001] EWCA Crim 1251, [2001] 2 FLR 757, [2001] Crim LR 845; Halsburys Laws of England: Criminal Law Evidence and Procedure 2. Offences Against the Person (3) Non fatal offences against the person (xi) Harassment 152. Prohibitions of harassment and offence of harassment